This article will deal with the longest public Japanese holiday period: the golden weak, starting in march. Golden weak (ゴールデンウィーク), often abbreviated to GW, is a term applied to the period containing a number of holidays.

Holidays celebrated

April 29

The emperors birthday
(Weekend)
May 3

Constitution Memorial Day

May 4

Citizen’s holiday 

May 5 

Children’s day (check our article)
May 4 was until 2007 an unnamed but official holiday because of a rule that converts any day between two holidays into a new holiday. The National Holiday Laws, promulgated in July 1948, declared nine official holidays. Since many were concentrated in a week spanning the end of April to early May, many leisure-based industries experienced spikes in their revenues.
Many Japanese nationals take paid time off during this holiday, and some companies are closed down completely and give their employees time off. Golden Week is the longest vacation period of the year for many Japanese workers. Two other Japanese holidays are observed for most or all of a week: Japanese New Year in January and Obon Festival in August. Golden Week is a popular time for holiday travel. Despite significantly higher rates, flights, trains, and hotels are often fully booked.
Keep in mind that everything will be booked out early when planning your golden week trips so be quick!